ESD Safe 20X-500X Metallurgical Microscope, Trinocular, Halogen Fiber Optic Illuminator + Polarizing Kit

Specifications
Packing List

Instruction Manual
MT1802 Trinocular Metallurgical Microscope Instruction Manual-English.docx

Quick Overview
Infinite. Total Magnification: 20-500X. 10X Adjustable Eyepiece. 2X 5X 10X 20X 50X Infinity Long Working Distance Plan Apochromatic Metallurgical Objective. Standard Coupler: 0.5X. Eye Tube Angle: 45°. Eyepiece Field of View: Dia. 22mm. XY Stage Travel Distance: 150x150mm. Illumination Type: Halogen Coaxial Reflection Light. Coaxial Reflection Light Type: Bright Field. Halogen Light. Light Adjustable. Flexible Pipe Light. Input Voltage: AC 90-240V 50/60Hz. ESD Safe.

MT02020323 Trinocular Metallurgical Microscope

Optical System Specifications

Trinocular Metallurgical Microscope
Optical System	Infinite
Tube Lens Focal Length	200mm
System Optical Magnification	20-500X
Trinocular Optical Magnification	1-25X
Total Magnification	20-500X
Standard Eyepiece	10X Adjustable Eyepiece
Standard Objective	2X 5X 10X 20X 50X Infinity Long Working Distance Plan Apochromatic Metallurgical Objective
Standard Coupler	0.5X
System Field of View	Dia. 0.44-11mm
System Working Distance	20.1-45mm

Compound Trinocular Head

Compound 20/80 True-Trinocular Head
Eye Tube Optical System	Infinite
Eye Tube Type	For Compound Microscope
Eye Tube Adjustment Mode	Siedentopf
Eye Tube Angle	45°
Erect/Inverted Image	Erect image
Eye Tube Rotatable	360° Degree Rotatable
Interpupillary Adjustment	55-75mm
Eye Tube Inner Diameter	Dia. 30mm
Eye Tube Diopter Adjustable	Not Adjustable
Eye Tube Fixing Mode	Elastic Tube locking
Image Port Switch Mode	20/80 True-Trinocular
Surface Treatment	Spray Paint
ESD Safe	ESD Safe
Material	Metal
Color	Black
Net Weight	2.30kg (5.07lbs)

Eyepiece

10X Adjustable Eyepiece (Pair Dia. 30/FN22)
Eyepiece Type	Adjustable Eyepiece
Eyepiece Optical Magnification	10X
Plan Eyepiece	Plan Eyepiece
Eyepiece Size for Eye Tube	Dia. 30mm
Eyepiece Field of View	Dia. 22mm
Eyepoint Type	High Eyepoint Eyepiece
Eyepiece Diopter Correction	±5°
Surface Treatment	Electroplating Black
Material	Metal
Color	Black
Net Weight	0.15kg (0.33lbs)

Infinity-Corrected Long Working Distance Objective

2X Infinity-Corrected Super-Long Working Distance Plan Apochromatic Objective
Objective Optical System	Infinite
Objective Optical Magnification	2X
Objective Type	Plan Apochromatic Objective
Objective Parfocal Distance	95mm
Objective for Focal Length	200mm
Objective Working Distance	34.6mm
Numerical Aperture (N.A.)	N.A. 0.055
Objective Cover Glass Thickness	/0
Objective Immersion Media	Dry Objective
Objective Screw Thread	M26x1/36 in.
Objective Outer Diameter	Dia. 32.2mm
Surface Treatment	Polished Chrome
Material	Metal
Color	Silver
Net Weight	0.30kg (0.66lbs)
Applied Field	For MT1802, MT0202, MS0201, LM1802 Series Microscope. Mitutoyo MF-U/HyperMF-U/FS70/VMU/WIDE VMU Microscope. Motic PSM-1000 Microscope
5X Infinity-Corrected Super-Long Working Distance Plan Apochromatic Objective
Objective Optical System	Infinite
Objective Optical Magnification	5X
Objective Type	Plan Apochromatic Objective
Objective Parfocal Distance	95mm
Objective for Focal Length	200mm
Objective Working Distance	45mm
Numerical Aperture (N.A.)	N.A. 0.14
Objective Cover Glass Thickness	/0
Objective Immersion Media	Dry Objective
Objective Screw Thread	M26x1/36 in.
Objective Outer Diameter	Dia. 32.2mm
Surface Treatment	Polished Chrome
Material	Metal
Color	Silver
Net Weight	0.23kg (0.51lbs)
Applied Field	For MT1802, MT0202, MS0201, LM1802 Series Microscope. Mitutoyo MF-U/HyperMF-U/FS70/VMU/WIDE VMU Microscope. Motic PSM-1000 Microscope
10X Infinity-Corrected Super-Long Working Distance Plan Apochromatic Objective
Objective Optical System	Infinite
Objective Optical Magnification	10X
Objective Type	Plan Apochromatic Objective
Objective Parfocal Distance	95mm
Objective for Focal Length	200mm
Objective Working Distance	34mm
Numerical Aperture (N.A.)	N.A. 0.28
Objective Cover Glass Thickness	/0
Objective Immersion Media	Dry Objective
Objective Screw Thread	M26x1/36 in.
Objective Outer Diameter	Dia. 32.2mm
Surface Treatment	Polished Chrome
Material	Metal
Color	Silver
Net Weight	0.23kg (0.51lbs)
Applied Field	For MT1802, MT0202, MS0201, LM1802 Series Microscope. Mitutoyo MF-U/HyperMF-U/FS70/VMU/WIDE VMU Microscope. Motic PSM-1000 Microscope
20X Infinity-Corrected Super-Long Working Distance Plan Apochromatic Objective
Objective Optical System	Infinite
Objective Optical Magnification	20X
Objective Type	Plan Apochromatic Objective
Objective Parfocal Distance	95mm
Objective for Focal Length	200mm
Objective Working Distance	31mm
Numerical Aperture (N.A.)	N.A. 0.29
Objective Cover Glass Thickness	/0
Objective Immersion Media	Dry Objective
Objective Screw Thread	M26x1/36 in.
Objective Outer Diameter	Dia. 32.2mm
Surface Treatment	Polished Chrome
Material	Metal
Color	Silver
Net Weight	0.25kg (0.55lbs)
Applied Field	For MT1802, MT0202, MS0201, LM1802 Series Microscope. Mitutoyo MF-U/HyperMF-U/FS70/VMU/WIDE VMU Microscope. Motic PSM-1000 Microscope
50X Infinity-Corrected Super-Long Working Distance Plan Apochromatic Objective
Objective Optical System	Infinite
Objective Optical Magnification	50X
Objective Type	Plan Apochromatic Objective
Objective Parfocal Distance	95mm
Objective for Focal Length	200mm
Objective Working Distance	20.1mm
Numerical Aperture (N.A.)	N.A. 0.42
Objective Cover Glass Thickness	/0
Objective Immersion Media	Dry Objective
Objective Screw Thread	M26x1/36 in.
Objective Outer Diameter	Dia. 32.2mm
Surface Treatment	Polished Chrome
Material	Metal
Color	Silver
Net Weight	0.28kg (0.62lbs)
Applied Field	For MT1802, MT0202, MS0201, LM1802 Series Microscope. Mitutoyo MF-U/HyperMF-U/FS70/VMU/WIDE VMU Microscope. Motic PSM-1000 Microscope

Nosepiece

Trinocular Metallurgical Microscope
Inward/Outward Nosepiece	Nosepiece Outward
Number of Holes on Nosepiece	Quintuple (5) Holes
Nosepiece Switch Mode	Manual
Nosepiece Screw Thread for Objective	M26x1/36 in.

Microscope Stand

Trinocular Metallurgical Microscope
Stand Height	460mm
Base Type	Heavy Duty Base
Base Shape	Rectangle
Base Dimensions	380x200x60mm
Focus Mode	Manual
Coarse/Fine Focus Type	Coaxial Coarse/Fine Focus
Focus Distance	36mm
Fine Focus Travel Distance	Same as Focus Distance
Coarse Focus Distance per Rotation	5mm
Fine Focus Distance per Rotation	0.1mm
Focusing Knob Tightness Adjustable	Tightness Adjustable
Plate Type	Clear Glass Plate
Plate Size	200x180x5mm

Microscope Stage

Trinocular Metallurgical Microscope
XY Stage Travel Distance	150x150mm
XY-Axis Drive Mode	Manual
Stage Platform Dimensions	280x230mm

Microscope Illuminator

Illumination Type

Halogen Coaxial Reflection Light

Coaxial Reflection Illuminator

Vertical Illuminator
Illuminator Mount Type for Eye Tube	Fastening Screw
Illuminator Mount Size for Eye Tube	Dia. 50mm
Illuminator Mount Type for Objective	Fastening Screw
Illuminator Mount Size for Objective	Dia. 50mm
Coaxial Reflection Light Type	Bright Field
Vertical Illuminator Adapter Size	Dia. 9mm
Aperture Diaphragm	Aperture Diaphragm Adjustable
Aperture Diaphragm Mounting Position	Vertical Illuminator
Field Diaphragm	Field Diaphragm Adjustable
Field Diaphragm Mounting Position	Vertical Illuminator
Surface Treatment	Spray Paint
Material	Metal
Color	Black
Net Weight	1.64kg (3.62lbs)
Applied Field	For MT1802, MT0202 Series Microscope

Polarizing Kit

Simplified Polarizing Kit
Polarizer Rotation Range	360°
Polarizer Mount Size	30x6.5mm
Analyzer Mount Size	70x40x6.5mm
Material	Plastic
Color	Black
Net Weight	0.072kg (0.159lbs)
Applied Field	For MT1802, MT0202 Series Microscope

Color Filter

Filter (Blue)
Filter Color	Light Blue
Filter Size	Dia. 30mm
Filter Switch Type	Plug Type
Material	Glass
Net Weight	0.01kg (0.02lbs)
24mm Filter (Blue)
Filter Color	Blue
Filter Size	Dia. 24mm
Material	Glass
Net Weight	0.02kg (0.04lbs)
Applied Field	For MT1802, MT0202 Series Microscope
24mm Filter (Yellow)
Filter Color	Yellow
Filter Size	Dia. 24mm
Material	Glass
Net Weight	0.02kg (0.04lbs)
Applied Field	For MT1802, MT0202 Series Microscope
24mm Filter (Green)
Filter Color	Green
Filter Size	Dia. 24mm
Material	Glass
Net Weight	0.02kg (0.04lbs)
Applied Field	For MT1802, MT0202 Series Microscope

Fiber Optic Light Source

150W Fiber Optic Illuminator
Light Source Type	Halogen Light
Power Supply Adjustable	Light Adjustable
Power Box Light Port	Single Hole
Fiber Cable Adapter Size	5/8 in. End Adapter
Power Box Panel Meter Display	Pointer Panel Meter/Scale
Power Box Cooling System	Fan Cooling system
Power Box Dimensions	260x160x125mm
Replacement Bulb	BU99032301
Output Power	150W
Input Voltage	AC 90-240V 50/60Hz
Output Voltage	DC 21V
Power Cord Connector Type	USA 3 Pins
Power Cable Length	1.8m
Material	Plastic
Color	White
Net Weight	1.77kg (3.90lbs)

Optical Fiber Light Guide

1000mm Single Pipe Light Guide
Optical Fiber Cable Type	Flexible Pipe Light
Fiber Light Output Port Size	Dia. 6mm
Fiber Cable Output Port Adapter Size	Dia. 9mm
Fiber Light Input Port Size	Dia. 6mm
Fiber Cable Input Port Adapter Size	5/8 in. End Adapter
Pipe Material	PVC
Optical Fiber Cable Length	1000mm
Pipe Diameter	Dia. 10mm
Pipe Color	Black
Material	Plastic
Color	Black
Net Weight	0.20kg (0.44lbs)

Coupler/C-mount Adapter

0.5X Coupler
Coupler Mount Type for Trinocular	Fastening Screw
Adjustable Coupler	Adjustable
Coupler for Microscope Type	Compound Compatible
Coupler Magnification	0.5X
C/CS-Mount Coupler	C-Mount
Surface Treatment	Electroplating Black
Material	Metal
Color	Black
Applied Field	For MT1802, MT0202 Series Microscope

Other Parameters

Trinocular Metallurgical Microscope
Surface Treatment	Spray Paint
ESD Safe	ESD Safe
Material	Metal
Color	White
Net Weight	26.25kg (57.87lbs)

Series

Trinocular Metallurgical Microscope
MT1802	MT18020323

Technical Info

Instructions

Metallurgical MicroscopeClose Λ

A metallurgical microscope is a microscope that uses incident illumination (also known as reflection light) to observe the metallurgical structure of the surface of a metal specimen and perform microscopic analysis. Metallurgical microscopic analysis is widely involved in the material microstructure, internal components, state imaging, and qualitative and quantitative analysis, including the quantitative and spatial distribution of the phase and tissue structure, composition, crystallization and sub-crystallization, non-metallic inclusions, and tissue defects of the materials etc.

Metallurgical microscope is one of the important components of industrial microscope. In addition to observing metal surface, metallurgical microscope plays an important role in metal heat treatment and cold processing. It is no longer limited to metal research, as it is also widely applied in other opaque or translucent objects, including fibers, soils, minerals, crystals, ceramics, surface treatments, integrated circuits, LCD screens, and other industries. Modern Metallurgical microscope not only have good optical systems, but also combine optical microscope, photoelectric conversion technology, and computer image processing technology to easily observe metallurgical images and analyze and rate metallurgical maps.

The quality of the image is the primary indicator of metallurgical microscope. Metallurgical microscope needs the basic conditions of optical imaging such as high brightness, high contrast, high resolution and good color reproduction. At the same time, due to the environment applied, the microscope needs to be solid and durable.
Metallurgical microscope generally uses coaxial reflection light method. The illuminating light passes through a coaxial reflection illuminator, after rotating a 90 degree angle, it is irradiated vertically (or nearly vertically) to the surface of the object to be observed, and then reflected back into the eyepiece through the objective lens.

Notes on the Use of Metallurgical Microscope:
When the observed metal surface is too rough, due to the diffusing effect of the incident light, the microscope cannot observe its internal structure, grinding and polishing of the surface of the metal sample must be carried out. However, during the process, no tissue structural change should occur on the surface; when some metal structures have a particularly strong surface reflection, it is necessary to use a certain reagent for corrosion treatment, dissolve some components, and thus see the morphology of the tissue.
Metallurgical microscope are complex in function and diverse in components, and often large-scale metallurgical microscope are modular and require self-installation and commissioning. Be sure to read the operating manual first and carefully check the completeness of the components.
Prior to installation and use, installation and adjustment of location of components are required. In particular, the positional adjustment of the light source in the coaxial reflection illuminator has a very big influence on the brightness and uniformity of the imaging illumination.

For more information on the use of metallurgical microscopes, please refer to the Biological Microscope Biomicroscope on the BoliOptics website.

InfiniteClose Λ

Microscopes and components have two types of optical path design structures.
One type is finite optical structural design, in which light passing through the objective lens is directed at the intermediate image plane (located in the front focal plane of the eyepiece) and converges at that point. The finite structure is an integrated design, with a compact structure, and it is a kind of economical microscope.
Another type is infinite optical structural design, in which the light between the tube lens after passing the objective lens becomes "parallel light". Within this distance, various kinds of optical components necessary such as beam splitters or optical filters call be added, and at the same time, this kind of design has better imaging results. As the design is modular, it is also called modular microscope. The modular structure facilitates the addition of different imaging and lighting accessories in the middle of the system as required.
The main components of infinite and finite, especially objective lens, are usually not interchangeable for use, and even if they can be imaged, the image quality will also have some defects.

The separative two-objective lens structure of the dual-light path of stereo microscope (SZ/FS microscope) is also known as Greenough.
Parallel optical microscope uses a parallel structure (PZ microscope), which is different from the separative two-object lens structure, and because its objective lens is one and the same, it is therefore also known as the CMO common main objective.

Tube Lens Focal LengthClose Λ

The tube lens focal length is the focal length from the tube lens to the intermediate image plane of the design of infinite microscope, and its typical ranging is from 160 to 200 mm, depending on different manufacturers.

System Optical MagnificationClose Λ

The magnification of the objective lens refers to the lateral magnification, it is the ratio of the image to the real size after the original image is magnified by the instrument. This multiple refers to the length or width of the magnified object.
System optical magnification is the product of the eyepiece and the objective lens (objective lens zoom set) of the optical imaging part within the system.
Optical magnification = eyepiece multiple X objective lens/objective lens set

The maximum optical magnification of the microscope depends on the wavelength of the light to which the object is illuminated. The size of the object that can be observed must be greater than the wavelength of the light. Otherwise, the light cannot be reflected or transmitted, or recognized by the human eye. The shortest wavelength of ultraviolet light is 0.2 microns, so the resolution of the optical microscope in the visible range does not exceed 0.2 microns, or 200 nanometers. This size is converted to the magnification of the microscope, and it is the optical magnification of 2000X. Usually, the compound microscope can achieve 100X objective lens, the eyepiece is 20X, and the magnification can reach 2000X. If it is bigger, it will be called "invalid magnification", that is, the image is large, but the resolution is no longer increased, and no more details and information can be seen.

Trinocular Optical MagnificationClose Λ

When the instrument is conducting electronic image magnification and observation through a camera or the like, the optically magnified portion may not be the optical path that passes through the "eyepiece-objective lens" of the instrument, at this time, the calculation method of the magnification is related to the third-party photo eyepiece passed.
The trinocular optical magnification is equal to the multiplier product of objective lens (objective lens set) and the photo eyepiece

Trinocular optical magnification = objective lens X photo eyepiece

Total MagnificationClose Λ

Total magnification is the magnification of the observed object finally obtained by the instrument. This magnification is often the product of the optical magnification and the electronic magnification.
When it is only optically magnified, the total magnification will be the optical magnification.

Total magnification = optical magnification X electronic magnification
Total magnification = (objective X photo eyepiece) X (display size / camera sensor target )

System Field of ViewClose Λ

Field of View, is also called FOV.
The field of view, or FOV, refers to the size of the object plane (i.e., the plane of the point of the observed object perpendicular to the optical axis), or of its conjugate plane (i.e., object to primary image distance), represented by a line value.
System field of view is the size of the actual diameter of the image of the terminal display device of the instrument, such as the size of the image in the eyepiece or in the display.

Field of view number refers to the diameter of the field diaphragm of the objective lens, or the diameter of the image plane formed by the field diaphragm.
Field of view number of objective lens = field of view number of eyepiece / (objective magnification / mechanical tube length)

Large field of view makes it easy to observe the full view and more range of the observed object, but the field of view (FOV) is inversely proportional to the magnification and inversely proportional to the resolution, that is, the larger the field of view, the smaller the magnification, and also the lower the resolution of the object to be observed.
There are usually two ways to increase the field of view, one is to replace with an objective lens of a smaller multiple, or to replace with an eyepiece of a smaller multiple.

System Working DistanceClose Λ

Working distance, also referred to as WD, is usually the vertical distance from the foremost surface end of the objective lens of the microscope to the surface of the observed object.
When the working distance or WD is large, the space between the objective lens and the object to be observed is also large, which can facilitate operation and the use of corresponding lighting conditions.
In general, system working distance is the working distance of the objective lens. When some other equipment, such as a light source etc., is used below the objective lens, the working distance (i.e., space) will become smaller.

Working distance or WD is related to the design of the working distance of the objective lens. Generally speaking, the bigger the magnification of the objective lens, the smaller the working distance. Conversely, the smaller the magnification of the objective lens, the greater the working distance.
When it is necessary to change the working distance requirement, it can be realized by changing the magnification of the objective lens.

SiedentopfClose Λ

For siedentopf eyetube, when changing the interpupillary distance, it requires two hands pushing or pulling the two eyetubes left and right simultaneously, and the two eyepiece tubes or eyetubes will change their position at the same time.

Eye Tube AngleClose Λ

Usually the Microscope Eyetube is 45°, some is 30°, Tiltable Eyetube Angle design of a microscope is also known as the ergonomics microscope.
0-30° or 0-45° is an ergonomic design. When the mechanical tube length / focal length of the tube of the microscope is relatively big, the microscope is relatively high, and the user's height or the seat of the work desk is not suitable, long-term use of microscope may cause sitting discomfort.
Eyepiece tube with variable angle can freely adjust the angle without lowering the head. Especially when it is close to 0 degree and the human eye is close to horizontal viewing, long-time or long-term use can avoid fatigue damage to the cervical vertebra.

Erect/Inverted ImageClose Λ

After imaging through a set of objective lenses, the object observed and the image seen by the human eye is inverted. When the observed object is manipulated, move the specimen or object, the image will move in the opposite direction in the field of view. Most of the biological microscopes are reversed-phase designs.
When needing to operate works with accurate direction, it is necessary to design it into a forward microscope. Generally stereo microscopes and metallurgical microscopes are all of erect image design.
When observing through the camera and display, the erect and inverted image can be changed by the orientation of the camera.

360° Degree RotatableClose Λ

The eyepiece of the microscope can have different viewing or observing directions. When the position of the microscope is uncomfortable, the direction of the eyepiece tube of the microscope can be adjusted, to facilitate observation and operation.

Placement method of different viewing angles of the microscope:
General direction: the support column is behind the object to be observed
Reverse direction: the support column is in front of the object to be observed
Lateral direction: the support column is on the side of the object to be observed
Rotating eyepiece tube, different microscopes may have different methods, for some, the direction is confirmed when installing the eyepiece tube of the microscope, for some, by rotating the body of the microscope, and for some, by rotating the support member on the support or holder of the microscope.

Interpupillary AdjustmentClose Λ

The distance between the two pupils of the human eye is different. When the image of exit pupil of the two eyepieces of the microscope are not aligned with the entry pupil of the eye, the two eyes will see different images, which can cause discomfort.
Adjust the distance between the two eyepieces, to accommodate or adapt to the pupil distance of the observer's eyes. The adjustment range is generally between 55-75mm.

Eye Tube Diopter AdjustableClose Λ

For most people, their two eyes, the left and the right, have different vision; for the eyepiece tube, the eyepoint height of the eyepiece can be adjusted to compensate for the difference in vision between the two eyes, so that the imaging in the two eyes is clear and consistent.
The range of adjustment of the eyepiece tube is generally diopter plus or minus 5 degrees, and the maximum differential value between the two eyepieces can reach 10 degrees.

Monocular adjustable and binocular adjustable: some microscopes have one eyepiece tube adjustable, and some have two eyepiece tubes adjustable. First, adjust one eyepiece tube to the 0 degree position, adjust the microscope focusing knob, and find the clear image of this eyepiece (when the monocular adjustable is used, first adjust the focusing knob to make this eyepiece image clear), then adjust the image of another eyepiece tube (do not adjust the focusing knob again at this time), repeatedly adjust to find the clear position, then the two images are clear at the same time. For this particular user, do not adjust this device anymore in the future.
As some microscopes do not have the vision adjustment mechanism for the eyepiece tube, the vision of the two eyes are adjusted through the eyepiece adjustable.

Image Port Switch ModeClose Λ

The third eyepiece splitting in the trinocular microscope is to borrow one of the two sets of eyepiece optical paths as the photographic light path. The beam split prism or beam splitter can reflect part of the image light to the eyepiece, and part passes through to the third eyepiece photographic light path, such a trinocular microscope is called trinocular simultaneous imaging microscope, or true-trinocular.
The beam split prism or beam splitter of the trinocular simultaneous imaging microscope or true-trinocular often has different splitting modes, such as 20/80 and 50/50, etc. Usually, the former is the luminous flux ratio of the eyepiece optical path, and the latter is the luminous flux ratio of the photographic optical path.

The advantage of true-trinocular is that, the real three optical paths can be imaged at the same time, and are not affected by the simultaneous use of the eyepiece observation and the photographic optical path (display). The disadvantage is that, because of the reason of the splitting, the image light of the photography is only a part. In theory, the image effect will be affected, and the effect is more obvious in the binocular eyepiece observation. If viewed closely, one will find that the eyepiece of the light path is relatively dark. However, in the current optical design and materials, the impact on the actual work is not very big, especially in the observation of low magnification objective lens, it has basically no effect at all, and therefore used by many people.

ESD SafeClose Λ

Static electricity is a charge that is at static or non-flowing state, and static electricity is formed when charges accumulate on an object or surface.
Static electricity can cause malfunction or mis-opeartion of electronic equipment, resulting in electromagnetic interference. In the electronics industry, static electricity can break down integrated circuits and precision electronic components, causing components to age, and can also absorb dust, causing contamination of integrated circuits and semiconductor components, and reducing production yield. In the plastics industry, static electricity can cause film or membrane not wining up uniformly, film and CD plastic discs contaminated with dust, thereby affecting quality. In industrial production, especially in electronic production and processing and inflammable and explosive production sites, electrostatic protection should be taken seriously.

ESD means "electro-static discharge." For the methods of ESD treatment with respect to microscope and components, electrical conductivity of the metal should be utilized on the one hand, and on the other hand, electrostatic materials, electrostatic coating and other methods of treatment should be adopted to solve the electrostatic problem.
Electrostatic coating is to apply coat that can prevent static electricity. It has electrostatic discharge, dust-proof, mildew-proof, wear-resistant, acid and alkali resistance and other characteristics. The surface of the coating does not generate static electricity or the static electricity is discharged to the safe place through the conductor row.
On some components, electrostatic materials may be applied, such as the microscope knob handle, insulation mat, septum, microscope cover etc.

Adjustable EyepieceClose Λ

The adjustable eyepiece is between the lens of the eyepiece and the focal plane, with distance adjustable device.
For most people, their two eyes, the left and the right, have different vision. For adjustable eyepieces, the eyepoint height of the eyepiece can be adjusted to compensate for the difference in vision between the two eyes, making the image in the two eyes clear and consistent.
The range of adjustment of the general eyepiece is that the diopter is plus or minus 5 degrees, and the maximum difference between the two eyepieces can reach 10 degrees. Before use, it is generally necessary to adjust both eyepieces to the initial position where the scale is displayed as 0, which is used as a baseline to facilitate up and down adjustment.
The reticle position of the eyepiece is generally 10mm below the fixed position of the eyepiece tube. Because the vision of each person is different, some people may not be able to see the reticle clearly. For adjustable eyepiece, the height of the reticle position can be adjusted to make the reticle and the observed object clear at the same time, this is the advantage of adjustable eyepiece that mounts the diopter adjustment on the eyepiece tube compared with non-adjustable eyepiece.
When non-adjustable eyepiece is equipped with a reticle, if the diopter is adjusted, the reticle will rotate accordingly, thereby affecting the position of the measurement. For adjustable eyepiece, when its diopter is adjusted, its reticle does not rotate.

Eyepiece Optical MagnificationClose Λ

Eyepiece optical magnification is the visual magnification of the virtual image after initial imaging through the eyepiece. When the human eye observes through the eyepiece, the ratio of the tangent of the angle of view of the image and the tangent of the angle of view of the human eye when viewing or observing the object directly at the reference viewing distance is usually calculated according to 250 mm/focal length of eyepiece.
The standard configuration of a general microscope is a 10X eyepiece.
Usually, the magnification of the eyepiece of compound microscope is 5X, 8X, 10X, 12.5X, 16X, 20X.
As stereo microscope has a low total magnification, its eyepiece magnification generally does not use 5X, but can achieve 25X, 30X and other much bigger magnification.

Eyepiece Field of ViewClose Λ

The eyepiece field of view is the diameter of the field diaphragm of the eyepiece, or the diameter of the image plane of the field diaphragm imaged by the field diaphragm.
The diameter of a large field of view can increase the viewing range, and see more detail in the field of view. However, if the field of view is too large, the spherical aberration and distortion around the eyepiece will increase, and the stray light around the field of view will affect the imaging effect.

Eyepoint TypeClose Λ

Eye point refers to the axial distance between the upper end of the metal frame of the eyepiece and the exit of pupil.
The exit of pupil distance of high eyepoint eyepiece is farther than that of the eye lens of the ordinary eyepiece. When this distance is greater than or equal to 18mm, it is a high eyepoint eyepiece. When observing, one does not need to be too close to the eyepiece lens, making it comfort to observe, and it can also be viewed with glasses. Generally, there is a glasses logo on the eyepiece, indicating that it is a high eyepoint eyepiece.

Objective Optical MagnificationClose Λ

The finite objective is the lateral magnification of the primary image formed by the objective at a prescribed distance.

Infinite objective is the lateral magnification of the real image produced by the combination of the objective and the tube lens.
Infinite objective magnification = tube lens focal length (mm) / objective focal length (mm)

Lateral magnification of the image, that is, the ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object.
The larger the magnification of the objective, the higher the resolution, the smaller the corresponding field of view, and the shorter the working distance.

Objective TypeClose Λ

In the case of polychromatic light imaging, the aberration caused by the light of different wavelengths becomes chromatic aberration. Achromatic aberration is to correct the axial chromatic aberration to the two line spectra (C line, F line); apochromatic aberration is to correct the three line spectra (C line, D line, F line).
The objective is designed according to the achromaticity and the flatness of the field of view. It can be divided into the following categories.

Achromatic objective: achromatic objective has corrected the chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, and comatic aberration. The chromatic portion of the achromatic objective has corrected only red and green, so when using achromatic objective, yellow-green filters are often used to reduce aberrations. The aberration of the achromatic objective in the center of the field of view is basically corrected, and as its structure is simple, the cost is low, it is commonly used in a microscope.

Semi-plan achromatic objective: in addition to meeting the requirements of achromatic objective, the curvature of field and astigmatism of the objective should also be properly corrected.
Plan achromatic objective: in addition to meeting the requirements of achromatic objectives, the curvature of field and astigmatism of the objective should also be well corrected. The plan objective provides a very good correction of the image plane curvature in the field of view of the objective, making the entire field of view smooth and easy to observe, especially in measurement it has achieved a more accurate effect.

Plan semi-apochromatic objective: in addition to meeting the requirements of plan achromatic objective, it is necessary to well correct the secondary spectrum of the objective (the axial chromatic aberration of the C line and the F line).
Plan apochromatic objective: in addition to meeting the requirements of plan achromatic objective, it is necessary to very well correct the tertiary spectrum of the objective (the axial chromatic aberration of the C line, the D line and the F line) and spherochromatic aberration. The apochromatic aberration has corrected the chromatic aberration in the range of red, green and purple (basically the entire visible light), and there is basically no limitation on the imaging effect of the light source. Generally, the apochromatic aberration is used in a high magnification objective.

Objective Parfocal DistanceClose Λ

Objective parfocal distance refers to the imaging distance between the objective shoulder and the uncovered object surface (referred to as the “object distance). It conforms to the microscope design, usually 45mm.
The objective of different magnifications of the compound microscope has different lengths; when the distance between the objective shoulder and the object distance is the same, the focal length may not be adjusted when converting to objectives of different magnifications.

Objective for Focal LengthClose Λ

Objective for focal length is a design parameter of the tube focal length of the microscope that the objective is suitable for.

Objective Working DistanceClose Λ

The objective working distance is the vertical distance from the foremost surface end of the objective of the microscope to the object surface to be observed.
Generally, the greater the magnification, the higher the resolution of the objective, and the smaller the working distance, the smaller the field of view. Conversely, the smaller the magnification, the lower the resolution of the objective, and the greater the working distance, and greater the field of view.
High-magnification objectives (such as 80X and 100X objectives) have a very short working distance. Be very careful when focusing for observation. Generally, it is after the objective is in position, the axial limit protection is locked, then the objective is moved away from the direction of the observed object.
The relatively greater working distance leaves a relatively large space between the objective and the object to be observed. It is suitable for under microscope operation, and it is also easier to use more illumination methods. The defect is that it may reduce the numerical aperture of the objective, thereby reducing the resolution.

Numerical Aperture (N.A.)Close Λ

Numerical aperture, N.A. for short, is the product of the sinusoidal function value of the opening or solid angle of the beam reflected or refracted from the object into the mouth of the objective and the refractive index of the medium between the front lens of the objective and the object.
Simply speaking, it is the magnitude of the luminous flux that can be brought in to the mouth of the objective adapter, the closer the objective to the specimen for observation, the greater the solid angle of the beam entering the mouth of the objective adapter, the greater the N.A. value, and the higher the resolution of the objective.
When the mouth of the objective adapter is unchanged and the working distance between the objective and the specimen is constant, the refractive index of the medium will be of certain meaning. For example, the refractive index of air is 1, water is 1.33, and cedar oil is 1.515, therefore, when using an aqueous medium or cedar oil, a greater N.A. value can be obtained, thereby improving the resolution of the objective.

Formula is：
N.A. = refractive index of the medium X sin solid angle of the beam of the object entering the front lens frame of the objective/ 2

Numerical aperture of the objective. Usually, there is a calculation method for the magnification of the microscope. That is, the magnification of the microscope cannot exceed 1000X of the objective. For example, the numerical aperture of a 100X objective is 1.25, when using a 10X eyepiece, the total magnification is 1000X, far below 1.25 X 1000 = 1250X, then the image seen in the eyepiece is relatively clear; if a 20X eyepiece is used, the total magnification will reach 2000X, much higher than 1250X, then eventhoughthe image actually seen by the 20X eyepiece is relatively large, the effect will be relatively poor.

Objective Cover Glass ThicknessClose Λ

The thickness of the cover glass affects the parfocal distance of the objective. Usually, in the design of the focal length of the objective,the thickness of the cover glass should be considered, and the standard is 0.17mm.

Objective Immersion MediaClose Λ

The use of different media between the objective and the object to be observed is to change and improve the resolution. For example, the refractive index of air is 1, water is 1.33, and cedar oil is 1.515. Therefore, when using an aqueous medium or cedar oil, a greater N.A. value can be obtained, thereby increasing the resolution of the objective.
Air medium is called dry objective, where oil is used as medium iscalled oil immersion objective, and water medium is called water immersion objective.
However, because of the working distance of the objective, when the working distance of the objective is too long, the use of liquid medium will be relatively more difficult, and it is generally used only on high magnification objective having a shorter working distance, such as objectives of 60X, 80X and 100X.

When using oil immersion objective, first add a drop of cedar oil (objective oil) on the cover glass, then adjust the focus (fine adjustment) knob, and carefully observe it from under the side of the objective of the microscope, until the oil immersion objective is immersed in the cedar oil and close to the cover glass of the specimen, then use the eyepiece to observe, and use the fine focus knob to lift the tube until the clear imageof the specimen is clearly seen.
The cedar oil should be added in an appropriate amount. After the oil immersion objective is used, it is necessary to use a piece of lens wiping tissue to dip xylene to wipe off the cedar oil, and then wipe dry the lens thoroughly with a lens wiping tissue.

Objective Screw ThreadClose Λ

For microscopes of different manufacturers and different models, the thread size of their objectives may also be different.
In general, the objective threads are available in two standard sizes, allowing similar objectives between different manufacturers to be used interchangeably.
One is the British system: RMS type objective thread: 4/5in X 1/36in,
One is metric: M25 X 0.75mm thread.

Coaxial Coarse/Fine FocusClose Λ

Focus mechanism, the coarse / fine focus knobs are in a coaxial center position, they are connected together by a gear reduction mechanism, which can be coarse/ fine focus adjusted at any time during the entire stroke.
Generally, the coarse focus diameter is relatively big, which is inside close to the body of the microscope, and the fine focus diameter is relatively small, which is outside of the body of the microscope. Coarse focus adjustment is used to quickly move to find the image, and the fine focus adjustment is used to finely adjust the clarity of the image. Generally, the minimum read value of the fine focus adjustment can be accurate to 1 micron, and single circle can reach a stroke of 0.1 mm. Mechanical fine focus plays a very important role in the accuracy of the microscope resolution. If the fine focus accuracy is not enough, or cannot be stabilized at the sharpest focusing position, the image will be out of focus and become blurred.
The tightness of coarse focus is generally adjustable. Generally, on one side of the knob (usually on the right side), there is a textured knob on the inside of the coarse knob, which is tightened if rotated clockwise; and loosened if rotated counterclockwise.

In the process of focusing, direct focusing should not be on the objective of high magnification; instead, find the object of low magnification first, and gradually adjust to high magnification. Usually, the coarse focus knob is rotated first, and when the objective lens is gradually lowered or the platform is gradually rising, find the object, and then adjust with the fine focus, until the object image in the field of view is clear. Generally, when changing from low magnification to high magnification objective, one only need to slightly adjust the fine focus knob to make the object image clear. During the process, the distance between the objective and the specimen should be observed from the side, to understand the critical value of the object distance between the lens and the specimen.
When using a high magnification objective, since the distance between the objective and the specimen is very close, after the image is found, the coarse focus knob cannot generally be used, and the fine focus knob can only be used to avoid excessive distance of movement, damaging the objective and the slide or specimen.

By using the characteristics of the fine focus, the height or thickness of the observed object can be roughly measured under the microscope, such as measuring the thickness of the cell or tissue, the thickness of the cover glass, and the thickness of small objects that cannot be measured by various conventional measuring instruments.
Method of measurement: place the object to be measured at the center of the field of view of the stage. After the image is clearly focused, try to use the highest magnification objective as much as possible, and align the adapter of the top feature point of the object to be measured. After adjusting clear, record the position of scale of the fine focus knob. Then, move the objective down to the adapter of the lowest feature point of the object to be measured, and record the position of scale of the fine focus knob. Then, according to the above fine focus, record the number of rounds of movement, and based on the parameters of conversion of each round into stroke (see the microscope fine focus knob parameters), the number of rounds is converted into the total stroke, which is the height of the object to be measured. If it is repeated a few times for average, a more accurate measurement can be obtained.

Focusing Knob Tightness AdjustableClose Λ

Different microscope bodies, different human operations, and different requirements for observation and operation, all require adjustment of the pre-tightening force of the stand that support microscope body.
Facing the stand just right, use both hands to reverse the force to adjust the tightness. (face the knob of one side just right, clockwise is to tighten, counterclockwise is to loosen)
In general, after long-time use, the knob will be loose, and adjustment is necessary.

Coaxial Reflection IlluminatorClose Λ

Coaxial reflection light is realized by a coaxial reflection illuminator. Coaxial reflection illuminator is placed horizontally, parallel to the worktable, and is at a 90 degree angle to the optical axis of the microscope. When the illumination light passes through the coaxial reflection illuminator, the light is first turned through a reflection prism or beam splitter to a 90-degree angle, and is vertically (or nearly vertical) irradiated onto the surface of the object to be observed, and then reflected back to enter into the eyepiece through the objective lens.
The coaxial reflected light is suitable for illuminating planar objects and objects with high reflectivity. In addition, when the opaque or translucent objects are observed by large magnification objective lens, if the working distance is too short and an external light source cannot be used, the coaxial reflected light may be the best and the only choice.

Coaxial reflection illuminator, usually consisting of illumination light source, lamp chamber, condenser lens, aperture diaphragm and field diaphragm, color filter converter, and heat sink etc., achieves light emission and control.

The light or lamp chamber is generally made of a metal shell, with a ventilating vent or heat sink on the outside, but does not leak light, and has a spiral or top wire mechanism for adjusting the light axis.

Light source filament position and coaxial adjustment of the center of the optical axis
Because the illumination source is modularized with the microscope body and also, when in use, due to movement operation etc., the position of the filament of the illumination source and the illumination optical axis often deviate, which causes the Kohler illumination system to be damaged, thereby affecting the brightness of the field of view and the uniformity of illumination.
The main reason that affects the uniformity of illumination is that the position of the filament of the light source is not on the optical axis, which makes the field of view appear uneven. The main reason that affects the brightness of the field of view is that, after passing through the condenser for condensation, the illumination light is not focused on the aperture diaphragm plane.
The above therefore needs to adjust the position of the bulb in the coaxial reflection illuminator. Firstly, by adjusting the positioning screw on the light source, change the position of the lamp holder, and adjust the illumination bulb up and down, left and right, so that the filament is located on the optical axis of the center. Then, loosen the fixing screws on the condenser, move the condenser back and forth, so that the illumination light will converge at the center of the aperture diaphragm, and then tighten the screws. This not only makes the illumination in the field of view the brightest, but also uniform, and has no filament image.
Some metallurgical microscopes are equipped with "light chamber adjustment objective lens". When using, first remove an objective lens, rotate the light chamber adjustment objective lens into the nosepiece, and transfer it into the imaging light path, and replace the objective lens for the above adjustment.

Aperture DiaphragmClose Λ

The diaphragm that determines the image plane necessary for imaging through the objective lens is called the aperture diaphragm. All irises of the traditional microscope are aperture diaphragm.

The function of aperture diaphragm is mainly to limit the size of the imaging beam, change the luminous flux, thereby improving the imaging quality. The size of the aperture diaphragm is usually variable, and it is also called iris diaphragm. When the aperture diaphragm lock is too small and the luminous flux of the imaging beam is insufficient, the fraction ratio of the objective lens is low, the imaging will become dark; however, when the aperture diaphragm is too large, there will be strong light in the field of view, and even though viewed from the eyepiece, it may have high resolution, the image on the display will be overexposed.
After replacing the objective lens, the aperture diaphragm should also be adjusted appropriately, rather than adjusting the brightness of the light.
The aperture diaphragm of the transmitted light is generally mounted on the microscope base. The aperture diaphragm of the biological microscope is mounted on the condenser device. On the other hand, the aperture diaphragm of compound microscopes, such as large upright metallurgical or fluorescence microscopes, is generally mounted on the in the coaxial reflection illuminator.
In the use of the aperture diaphragm, it is often necessary to adjust the center of the diaphragm. Generally, it is adjusted together with the condenser. Please refer to the adjustment method of the condenser.

Field DiaphragmClose Λ

Field diaphragm is also called field of view diaphragm, field of view cutting diaphragm.
The diaphragm that defines the incident angle of view and the exit angle of view of the beam emitted from the object plane, is called field diaphragm.

The main function of the field diaphragm is to limit the range of the image surface size of the observed specimen, and cut off the part of the image edge image plane with relatively poor image quality, so that the entire image plane is clear and flat, but does not affect the resolution of the entire objective lens.
The appropriate adjustment of the field diaphragm can also adjust the glare reflected from the inner wall of the lens tube to improve the imaging contrast and quality. On the eyepiece of the microscope, there is a field-cutting diaphragm. The size of this diaphragm is fixed, and it is also called fixed diaphragm. Its position is between the field lens and the eyepiece, and its function is to limit the emit angle of view of the main beam, so as to make the imaging of the field edge to achieve an ideal effect.
The field diaphragm of most biological microscopes is on the light exit of the base, while the field diaphragm of compound microscopes, such as upright metallurgical and fluorescent microscope, are mounted on the coaxial reflection illuminator.

Color FilterClose Λ

Color filter is a type of filter that allows light of only a certain wavelength and color range to pass, while light of other wavelengths is intercepted. Color filter is made of colored glass, and it has various bandwidths and color for selection.
Both artificial light source (lamp light) and natural light (daylight) are all full-color light, including seven colors, namely, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and purple. As the microscope illumination, different types of light sources have different color temperatures and brightness. In order to adjust the color of the light source, it is necessary to install a filtering device at the light exit port of the light source, so that the spectrum of a certain wavelength band is transmitted or blocked. Color filter generally can only be added to the illumination path to change the color of the illumination source and improve the contrast of the image, but generally it is not installed in the imaging path system, which affect the image quality.

There are many types of color filters. In addition to the color requirements, color filters of different colors also contribute to the imaging quality. Color filters using the same color will brighten the color of the image.

Of the traditional daylight filter, there are relatively more red and yellow light in the lamp light, the resolution is not high, and the observation is not comfortable. The use of daylight filter can absorb the color between yellow to red spectrum emitted by the light source, thus the color temperature becomes much closer to daylight, making microscope observation more comfortable, and it is one of the most used microscope color filters.
Daylight blue filter can get close to the daylight spectrum, obtain more short-wave illumination, and improve the resolution of the objective lens. For example, using blue color filter (λ=0.44 microns) can improve the resolution by 25% than green color filter (λ=0.55 microns). Therefore, blue color filter can improve the resolution, and improve the image effect observed under the microscope. However, the human eye is sensitive to green light with a wavelength of about 0.55 microns. When using blue color filters for photomicrography, it is often not easy to focus on the projection screen.
Yellow and green filters: both yellow and green filters can increase the contrast (i.e. contrast ratio) of details of the specimen. As far as the achromatic objective lens is concerned, the aberrations in the yellow and green bands are better corrected. Therefore, when yellow and green color filters are used, only yellow and green light passes, and the aberration will be reduced, thereby improving the imaging quality. For semi-apochromatic and apochromat objectives, the focus of visible light is concentrated. In principle, any color filter can be used, but if yellow and green filters are used, the color will make the human eye feel comfortable and soft.
Red filter. Red has the longest wavelength and the lowest resolution in visible light. However, red light image can filter and eliminate the variegated background in the image. Therefore, so it has a very good effect for some applications that do not require color features for identification, and the edges and contours of the image are also the clearest, which is more accurate for measurement.
Medium gray filters, also known as neural density filters, or ND for short, can uniformly reduce visible light. It is suitable for photomicrography and connection to computer monitors for observation. ND can be used for exposure control and good light absorption, and reduce the light intensity while not changing the color temperature of the microscope light source.

Fiber Optic Light SourceClose Λ

Fiber optic light source refers to an illuminating light source that does not contain or contains less spectrum of infrared heat radiation in a illuminating or light guiding body, for example, the popular LED light source, which is a typical illuminator fiber optic light source. In microscopic illumination, the optical fiber cold light source (commonly referred to as “cool light”) means that, after the illumination beam is transmitted through the optical fiber of the light guide body, the heat radiation is not brought to the light exit port, thereby achieving "cold light" effect.

The portion of the illuminating light source of the optical fiber has been conventionally illuminated with a halogen light source. In recent years, high-power LED lighting has been widely used. Although the bulb of halogen light source can generate a lot of heat radiation, because of its high brightness when emitting light, it belongs to full-band light, with good color reproduction and comfortable observation by human eye, and therefore is still irreplaceable in some applications.
Luminous light sources usually require a high-power light source to achieve strong light, therefore heat dissipation is very important. Whether it is a halogen light source or an LED light source, fan cooling is usually adopted.

Fiber optic lighting application has many advantages:
1. The thermal conductivity of the optical fiber is poor. When the light source (light bulb) emits light, the thermal radiation, after being separated by the optical fiber, is not transmitted to the object to be observed. So, while maintaining the wavelength and brightness of the light, it becomes "cold light". When using strong light, cold light may not damage the observed objects, especially in medical and biological applications.
2. Single light source can be transmitted through the optical fiber, and at the same time there are multiple light-emitting points with the same light-emitting characteristics. The light-emitting port can be arranged at different positions and angles, or made into different shapes, such as double-branch lighting, ring lighting, multi-point lighting etc.
3. The light source host and the light exit port illumination point are transmitted through the optical fiber, and therefore the host can be placed in a safe or suitable position without affecting the illumination position of the light exit port, so that there will be more flexibility in design and use.
4. The light exiting port illumination point is transmitted through the optical fiber, and it can filter freely the wavelength of the light at the light source position in the front end of the light entrance, increase the polarization effect, and adjust the brightness and darkness. For example, improve the contrast and contrast ratio of the details of the object to be observed through various color filters, filter out the ultraviolet and infrared light, and reduce damage to certain items..
5. In the light source host and optical fiber used in fiber optic lighting, the service life of the optical fiber can be decades, and the design separating the light source from the optical fiber makes the light source easy to repair and replace.

Light AdjustableClose Λ

The brightness of the light source adjustable is very important in the imaging of the microscope. Since the difference of the numerical aperture of the objective lens of high magnification and low magnification is very big, more incident light is needed to achieve a much better resolution when using a high magnification objective lens. Therefore, when observing through a high magnification objective lens, the brightness required is high; when observing through a low magnification objective lens, the brightness required is low.
When observing different objects, or feature points of the same object at different positions, the brightness needs are also different; including the difference of background light or reflection within the field of view of observation, it has a great influence on the effect of observing the object, and therefore one needs to adjust the brightness of the light source according to each object to be observed.
In the light source capable of providing continuous spectrum, such as a halogen lamp, the brightness adjustment of the light not only adjusts the brightness and intensity of the light, but also changes the spectrum emitted by the light source. When the light source is dark, there are many components of red light, and when the brightness is high, there are more blue spectrum. If the required light is strong and the spectrum needs to be changed, the light can be kept at a brighter intensity, which is solved by adjusting the spectrum by adding a color filter.

Take note of the dimming button on the light source, after the On/Off switch is turned on, normally clockwise is to brighten, and counterclockwise is to darken.
If it is adjusted to the lowest brightness, the light source should normally be lit. If the naked eye still can't see the object being illuminated brightly, you need to adjust the brightness knob to a much bigger position.
Generally, there is scale marking on the dimming knob, which is an imaginary number representing the percentage of brightness, or an electronic digital display, giving the brightness of the light source under the same conditions a marking.

Optical Fiber Light GuideClose Λ

Optical fiber bundle for illumination, is referred to as optical fiber light guide for short.
Optical fiber light guide is a fiber core made of transparent material (typically, glass fiber is made of silicon dioxide). Around the fiber core, a cladding layer is formed, using a material having a refractive index lower than that of the fiber core, that is, if the refractive index of the fiber core and the cladding layer are n1 and n2, then n1 must be >n2. The transmission of the optical fiber makes use of the principle of total reflection of light. In this fiber core medium, light is to maintain its characteristics of optical waveform for transmission, wherein the fiber core portion of high refractive index is the main channel for light transmission, while the outer casing of low refractive index covers the entire fiber core. Since the core has a higher refractive index than the outer casing, total reflection occurs, and therefore light can be transmitted in the fiber core.

The core of the optical fiber is generally classified into glass fiber, quartz fiber, plastic fiber, and liquid core fiber etc.
Microscope illumination usually uses glass fiber, which can have better transmittance for light of different wavelengths. For glass fiber, its optical core material is multi-component optical glass with high refractive index, whereas its cladding material is optical glass with low refractive index. The commonly used multi-component glass formula include: sodium-borosilicate glass (Na-B-Si), potassium-borosilicate glass (K-B-Si), sodium-zinc aluminoborosilicate glass (Na-Zn-Al-B-Si), and the like.
Glass fiber, made of optical glass, has a much higher transparency than a ordinary set of glass, but still has a relatively high attenuation value, generally about 1dB/m.
The lighting fiber optic wire is very thin, and cannot be bent at a large angle. Generally, its minimum bending radius ≥30D (Min. bending radius ≥30D). Check the breaking of the fiber optic wire, you can use one side section to face the light, and the other side section to see the dark part. If there is too much break, it can’t be repaired, but the entire fiber be replaced.

Coupler/C-mount AdapterClose Λ

Coupler/C-mount adapter is an adapter commonly used for connection between the C-adapter camera (industrial camera) and a microscope.

Adjustable CouplerClose Λ

On the coupler/C-mount-adapter, there is an adjustable device to adjust the focal length.

Coupler for Microscope TypeClose Λ

Different coupler/C-mount-adapters are suitable for different microscopes. For some, some adapter accessories need to be replaced. See the applicable range of each coupler/C-mount-adapter for details.

Coupler MagnificationClose Λ

Coupler magnification refers to the line field magnification of the coupler/C-mount-adapter. With different magnifications of the adapter lens, images of different magnifications and fields of view can be obtained. The size of the image field of view is related to the sensor size and the coupler/C-mount-adapter magnification.

Camera image field of view (mm) = sensor diagonal / coupler/C-mount-adapter magnification.

For example: 1/2 inch sensor size, 0.5X coupler/C-mount-adapter coupler, field of view FOV (mm) = 8mm / 0.5 = 16mm.
The field of view number of the microscope 10X eyepiece is usually designed to be 18, 20, 22, 23mm, less than 1 inch (25.4mm). Since most commonly used camera sensor sizes are 1/3 and 1/2 inches, this makes the image field of view on the display always smaller than the field of view of the eyepiece for observation, and the visual perception becomes inconsistent when simultaneously viewed on both the eyepiece and the display. If it is changed to a 0.5X coupler/C-mount-adapter, the microscope image magnification is reduced by 1/2 and the field of view is doubled, then the image captured by the camera will be close to the range observed in the eyepiece.
Some adapters are designed without a lens, and their optical magnification is considered 1X.

C/CS-Mount CouplerClose Λ

At present, the coupler/C-mount adapter generally adopts the C/CS-Mount adapter to match with the industrial camera. For details, please refer to "Camera Lens Mount".

PackagingClose Λ

After unpacking, carefully inspect the various random accessories and parts in the package to avoid omissions. In order to save space and ensure safety of components, some components will be placed outside the inner packaging box, so be careful of their inspection.
For special packaging, it is generally after opening the box, all packaging boxes, protective foam, plastic bags should be kept for a period of time. If there is a problem during the return period, you can return or exchange the original. After the return period (usually 10-30 days, according to the manufacturer’s Instruction of Terms of Service), these packaging boxes may be disposed of if there is no problem.

Optical Data

Microscope Optical Data Sheet
P/N	Objective	Objective Working Distance	Eyepiece
			MT18022221 (10X Dia. 22mm)
			Magnification	Field of View(mm)
MT18023141	2X	34.6mm	20X	11mm
MT18023241	5X	45mm	50X	4.4mm
MT18023341	10X	34mm	100X	2.2mm
MT18023441	20X	31mm	200X	1.1mm
MT18023641	50X	20.1mm	500X	0.44mm
1. Magnification=Objective Optical Magnification * Body Magnification * Eyepiece Optical Magnification
2. Field of View=Eyepiece Field of View /（Objective Optical Magnification*Body Magnification）
3. The Darker background items are Standard items, the white background items are optional items.

Video Microscope Optical Data Sheet
P/N	Objective	Coupler
		MT18024141 (0.5X)
		Magnification
MT18023141	2X	1X
MT18023241	5X	2.5X
MT18023341	10X	5X
MT18023441	20X	10X
MT18023641	50X	25X
1. Magnification=Objective Optical Magnification * Body Magnification * Coupler Magnification

Camera Image Sensor Specifications
No.	Camera Image Sensor Size	Camera image Sensor Diagonal
No.	Camera Image Sensor Size	（mm）	（inch）
1	1/4 in.	4mm	0.157"
2	1/3 in.	6mm	0.236"
3	1/2.8 in.	6.592mm	0.260"
4	1/2.86 in.	6.592mm	0.260"
5	1/2.7 in.	6.718mm	0.264"
6	1/2.5 in.	7.182mm	0.283"
7	1/2.3 in.	7.7mm	0.303"
8	1/2.33 in.	7.7mm	0.303"
9	1/2 in.	8mm	0.315"
10	1/1.9 in.	8.933mm	0.352"
11	1/1.8 in.	8.933mm	0.352"
12	1/1.7 in.	9.5mm	0.374"
13	2/3 in.	11mm	0.433"
14	1/1.2 in.	12.778mm	0.503"
15	1 in.	16mm	0.629"
16	1/1.1 in.	17.475mm	0.688"

Digital Magnification Data Sheet
Image Sensor Size	Image Sensor Diagonal size	Monitor
		Screen Size (24in)
		Digital Zoom Function
1/3 in.	6mm	101.6
1. Digital Zoom Function= (Screen Size * 25.4) / Image Sensor Diagonal size

Microscope Optical and Digital Magnifications Data Sheet
Objective		Coupler		Camera		Monitor	Video Microscope Optical Magnifications	Digital Zoom Function	Total Magnification	Field of View (mm)
PN	Magnification	PN	Magnification	Image Sensor Size	Image Sensor Diagonal size	Screen Size	Video Microscope Optical Magnifications	Digital Zoom Function	Total Magnification	Field of View (mm)
MT18023141	2X	MT18024141	0.5X	1/3 in.	6mm	24in	1X	101.6	101.6X	6mm
MT18023241	5X	MT18024141	0.5X	1/3 in.	6mm	24in	2.5X	101.6	254X	2.4mm
MT18023341	10X	MT18024141	0.5X	1/3 in.	6mm	24in	5X	101.6	508X	1.2mm
MT18023441	20X	MT18024141	0.5X	1/3 in.	6mm	24in	10X	101.6	1016X	0.6mm
MT18023641	50X	MT18024141	0.5X	1/3 in.	6mm	24in	25X	101.6	2540X	0.24mm
1. Video Microscope Optical Magnifications=Objective Optical Magnification * Body Magnification * Coupler Magnification
2. Digital Zoom Function= (Screen Size * 25.4) / Image Sensor Diagonal size
3. Total Magnification= Video Microscope Optical Magnifications * (Screen Size * 25.4) / Image Sensor Diagonal size
4. Field of View (mm)= Image Sensor Diagonal size / Video Microscope Optical Magnifications

Contains

Parts Including

Picture	P/N	Product Name
	ML02311111	150W Fiber Optic Illuminator
	ML26932103	1000mm Single Pipe Light Guide
	MT18020323	Trinocular Metallurgical Microscope

Desiccant Bag

1 Bag

Packing
Packaging Type	Carton Packaging
Packaging Material	Corrugated Carton
Packaging Dimensions(1)	58x54x47cm (22.835x21.260x18.504″)
Inner Packing Material	Plastic Bag
Ancillary Packaging Materials	Styrofoam
Gross Weight	30.25kg (66.69lbs)
Minimum Packaging Quantity	1pc
Transportation Carton	Carton Packaging
Transportation Carton Material	Corrugated Carton
Transportation Carton Dimensions(1)	58x54x47cm (22.835x21.260x18.504″)
Total Gross Weight of Transportation(kilogram)	30.25
Total Gross Weight of Transportation(pound)	66.69
Quantity of One Transportation Carton	1pc